What is Angular Framework?
Angular is a TypeScript-based open-source front-end platform that makes it easy to build applications with in web/mobile/desktop. The major features of this framework such as declarative templates, dependency injection, end to end tooling, and many more other features are used to ease the development.
- Angular is a completely revived component-based framework in which an application is a tree of individual components.Some of the major difference in tabular form
AngularJS Angular It is based on MVC architecture This is based on Service/Controller This uses use JavaScript to build the application Introduced the typescript to write the application Based on controllers concept This is a component based UI approach Not a mobile friendly framework Developed considering mobile platform Difficulty in SEO friendly application development Ease to create SEO friendly applications
Let's see a simple example of TypeScript usage,npm install -g typescript
function greeter(person: string) { return "Hello, " + person; } let user = "Sudheer"; document.body.innerHTML = greeter(user);
- Component: These are the basic building blocks of angular application to control HTML views.
- Modules: An angular module is set of angular basic building blocks like component, directives, services etc. An application is divided into logical pieces and each piece of code is called as "module" which perform a single task.
- Templates: This represent the views of an Angular application.
- Services: It is used to create components which can be shared across the entire application.
- Metadata: This can be used to add more data to an Angular class.
- Directives add behaviour to an existing DOM element or an existing component instance.
import { Directive, ElementRef, Input } from '@angular/core'; @Directive({ selector: '[myHighlight]' }) export class HighlightDirective { constructor(el: ElementRef) { el.nativeElement.style.backgroundColor = 'yellow'; } }
Now this directive extends HTML element behavior with a yellow background as below<p myHighlight>Highlight me!</p>
import { Component } from '@angular/core'; @Component ({ selector: 'my-app', template: ` <div> <h1>{{title}}</h1> <div>Learn Angular6 with examples</div> </div> `, }) export class AppComponent { title: string = 'Welcome to Angular world'; }
- In a short note, A component(@component) is a directive-with-a-template.Some of the major differences are mentioned in a tabular form
Component Directive To register a component we use @Component meta-data annotation To register directives we use @Directive meta-data annotation Components are typically used to create UI widgets Directive is used to add behavior to an existing DOM element Component is used to break up the application into smaller components Directive is use to design re-usable components Only one component can be present per DOM element Many directives can be used per DOM element @View decorator or templateurl/template are mandatory Directive doesn't use View
import { Component } from '@angular/core'; @Component ({ selector: 'my-app', template: ' <div> <h1>{{title}}</h1> <div>Learn Angular</div> </div> ' }) export class AppComponent { title: string = 'Hello World'; }
import { Component } from '@angular/core'; @Component ({ selector: 'my-app', templateUrl: 'app/app.component.html' }) export class AppComponent { title: string = 'Hello World'; }
- Modules are logical boundaries in your application and the application is divided into separate modules to separate the functionality of your application. Lets take an example of app.module.ts root module declared with @NgModule decorator as below,
import { NgModule } from '@angular/core'; import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser'; import { AppComponent } from './app.component'; @NgModule ({ imports: [ BrowserModule ], declarations: [ AppComponent ], bootstrap: [ AppComponent ] }) export class AppModule { }
The NgModule decorator has three options- The imports option is used to import other dependent modules. The BrowserModule is required by default for any web based angular application
- The declarations option is used to define components in the respective module
- The bootstrap option tells Angular which Component to bootstrap in the application
- Angular application goes through an entire set of processes or has a lifecycle right from its initiation to the end of the application. The representation of lifecycle in pictorial representation as follows,The description of each lifecycle method is as below,
- ngOnChanges: When the value of a data bound property changes, then this method is called.
- ngOnInit: This is called whenever the initialization of the directive/component after Angular first displays the data-bound properties happens.
- ngDoCheck: This is for the detection and to act on changes that Angular can't or won't detect on its own.
- ngAfterContentInit: This is called in response after Angular projects external content into the component's view.
- ngAfterContentChecked: This is called in response after Angular checks the content projected into the component.
- ngAfterViewInit: This is called in response after Angular initializes the component's views and child views.
- ngAfterViewChecked: This is called in response after Angular checks the component's views and child views.
- ngOnDestroy: This is the cleanup phase just before Angular destroys the directive/component.
- From the Component to the DOM: Interpolation: {{ value }}: Adds the value of a property from the component
<li>Name: {{ user.name }}</li> <li>Address: {{ user.address }}</li>
<input type="email" [value]="user.email">
- From the DOM to the Component: Event binding: (event)=”function”: When a specific DOM event happens (eg.: click, change, keyup), call the specified method in the component
<button (click)="logout()"></button>
- Two-way binding: Two-way data binding: [(ngModel)]=”value”: Two-way data binding allows to have the data flow both ways. For example, in the below code snippet, both the email DOM input and component email property are in sync
<input type="email" [(ngModel)]="user.email">
- Class decorators, e.g. @Component and @NgModule
import { NgModule, Component } from '@angular/core'; @Component({ selector: 'my-component', template: '<div>Class decorator</div>', }) export class MyComponent { constructor() { console.log('Hey I am a component!'); } } @NgModule({ imports: [], declarations: [], }) export class MyModule { constructor() { console.log('Hey I am a module!'); } }
- Property decorators Used for properties inside classes, e.g. @Input and @Output
import { Component, Input } from '@angular/core'; @Component({ selector: 'my-component', template: '<div>Property decorator</div>' }) export class MyComponent { @Input() title: string; }
- Method decorators Used for methods inside classes, e.g. @HostListener
import { Component, HostListener } from '@angular/core'; @Component({ selector: 'my-component', template: '<div>Method decorator</div>' }) export class MyComponent { @HostListener('click', ['$event']) onHostClick(event: Event) { // clicked, `event` available } }
- Parameter decorators Used for parameters inside class constructors, e.g. @Inject
import { Component, Inject } from '@angular/core'; import { MyService } from './my-service'; @Component({ selector: 'my-component', template: '<div>Parameter decorator</div>' }) export class MyComponent { constructor(@Inject(MyService) myService) { console.log(myService); // MyService } }
Below are the list of few commands, which will come handy while creating angular projectsnpm install @angular/cli@latest
- Creating New Project: ng new
- Generating Components, Directives & Services: ng generate/g The different types of commands would be,
- ng generate class my-new-class: add a class to your application
- ng generate component my-new-component: add a component to your application
- ng generate directive my-new-directive: add a directive to your application
- ng generate enum my-new-enum: add an enum to your application
- ng generate module my-new-module: add a module to your application
- ng generate pipe my-new-pipe: add a pipe to your application
- ng generate service my-new-service: add a service to your application
- Running the Project: ng serve
export class App implements OnInit{ constructor(){ //called first time before the ngOnInit() } ngOnInit(){ //called after the constructor and called after the first ngOnChanges() } }
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core'; import { Http } from '@angular/http'; @Injectable({ // The Injectable decorator is required for dependency injection to work // providedIn option registers the service with a specific NgModule providedIn: 'root', // This declares the service with the root app (AppModule) }) export class RepoService{ constructor(private http: Http){ } fetchAll(){ return this.http.get('https://api.github.com/repositories'); } }
@Component({ selector: 'async-observable-pipe', template: `<div><code>observable|async</code>: Time: {{ time | async }}</div>` }) export class AsyncObservablePipeComponent { time = new Observable(observer => setInterval(() => observer.next(new Date().toString()), 2000) ); }
ng generate component hero -it
<li *ngFor="let user of users"> {{ user }} </li>
<p *ngIf="user.age > 18">You are not eligible for student pass!</p>
- Angular recognizes the value as unsafe and automatically sanitizes it, which removes the <script> tag but keeps safe content such as the text content of the <script> tag. This way it eliminates the risk of script injection attacks. If you still use it then it will be ignored and a warning appears in the browser console. Let's take an example of innerHtml property binding which causes XSS vulnerability,
export class InnerHtmlBindingComponent { // For example, a user/attacker-controlled value from a URL. htmlSnippet = 'Template <script>alert("0wned")</script> <b>Syntax</b>'; }
- Interpolation is a special syntax that Angular converts into property binding. It’s a convenient alternative to property binding. It is represented by double curly braces({{}}). The text between the braces is often the name of a component property. Angular replaces that name with the string value of the corresponding component property. Let's take an example,
<h3> {{title}} <img src="{{url}}" style="height:30px"> </h3>
In the example above, Angular evaluates the title and url properties and fills in the blanks, first displaying a bold application title and then a URL.
<h3>{{username}}, welcome to Angular</h3>
- assignments (=, +=, -=, ...)
- new
- chaining expressions with ; or ,
- increment and decrement operators (++ and --)
<button (click)="editProfile()">Edit Profile</button>
- new
- increment and decrement operators, ++ and --
- operator assignment, such as += and -=
- the bitwise operators | and &
- the template expression operators
- Binding types can be grouped into three categories distinguished by the direction of data flow. They are listed as below,
- From the source-to-view
- From view-to-source
- View-to-source-to-view
The possible binding syntax can be tabularized as below,Data direction Syntax Type From the source-to-view(One-way) 1. {{expression}} 2. [target]="expression" 3. bind-target="expression" Interpolation, Property, Attribute, Class, Style From view-to-source(One-way) 1. (target)="statement" 2. on-target="statement" Event View-to-source-to-view(Two-way) 1. [(target)]="expression" 2. bindon-target="expression" Two-way
import { Component } from '@angular/core'; @Component({ selector: 'app-birthday', template: `<p>Birthday is {{ birthday | date }}</p>` }) export class BirthdayComponent { birthday = new Date(1987, 6, 18); // June 18, 1987 }
import { Component } from '@angular/core'; @Component({ selector: 'app-birthday', template: `<p>Birthday is {{ birthday | date:'dd/mm/yyyy'}}</p>` // 18/06/1987 }) export class BirthdayComponent { birthday = new Date(1987, 6, 18); }
import { Component } from '@angular/core'; @Component({ selector: 'app-birthday', template: `<p>Birthday is {{ birthday | date:'fullDate' | uppercase}} </p>` // THURSDAY, JUNE 18, 1987 }) export class BirthdayComponent { birthday = new Date(1987, 6, 18); }
- A pipe is a class decorated with pipe metadata @Pipe decorator, which you import from the core Angular library For example,
@Pipe({name: 'myCustomPipe'})
- The pipe class implements the PipeTransform interface's transform method that accepts an input value followed by optional parameters and returns the transformed value. The structure of pipeTransform would be as below,
interface PipeTransform { transform(value: any, ...args: any[]): any }
- The @Pipe decorator allows you to define the pipe name that you'll use within template expressions. It must be a valid JavaScript identifier.
template: `{{someInputValue | myCustomPipe: someOtherValue}}`
import { Pipe, PipeTransform } from '@angular/core'; @Pipe({name: 'customFileSizePipe'}) export class FileSizePipe implements PipeTransform { transform(size: number, extension: string = 'MB'): string { return (size / (1024 * 1024)).toFixed(2) + extension; } }
template: ` <h2>Find the size of a file</h2> <p>Size: {{288966 | customFileSizePipe: 'GB'}}</p> `
/* JavaScript imports */ import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser'; import { NgModule } from '@angular/core'; import { FormsModule } from '@angular/forms'; import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http'; import { AppComponent } from './app.component'; /* the AppModule class with the @NgModule decorator */ @NgModule({ declarations: [ AppComponent ], imports: [ BrowserModule, FormsModule, HttpClientModule ], providers: [], bootstrap: [AppComponent] }) export class AppModule { }
- Most of the Front-end applications communicate with backend services over HTTP protocol using either XMLHttpRequest interface or the fetch() API. Angular provides a simplified client HTTP API known as HttpClient which is based on top of XMLHttpRequest interface. This client is avaialble from
@angular/common/http
package. You can import in your root module as below,import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';
The major advantages of HttpClient can be listed as below,- Contains testability features
- Provides typed request and response objects
- Intercept request and response
- Supports Observalbe APIs
- Supports streamlined error handling
- Import HttpClient into root module:
import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http'; @NgModule({ imports: [ BrowserModule, // import HttpClientModule after BrowserModule. HttpClientModule, ], ...... }) export class AppModule {}
- Inject the HttpClient into the application: Let's create a userProfileService(userprofile.service.ts) as an example. It also defines get method of HttpClient
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core'; import { HttpClient } from '@angular/common/http'; const userProfileUrl: string = 'assets/data/profile.json'; @Injectable() export class UserProfileService { constructor(private http: HttpClient) { } getUserProfile() { return this.http.get(this.userProfileUrl); } }
- Create a component for subscribing service: Let's create a component called UserProfileComponent(userprofile.component.ts) which inject UserProfileService and invokes the service method,
fetchUserProfile() { this.userProfileService.getUserProfile() .subscribe((data: User) => this.user = { id: data['userId'], name: data['firstName'], city: data['city'] }); }
getUserResponse(): Observable<HttpResponse<User>> { return this.http.get<User>( this.userUrl, { observe: 'response' }); }
fetchUser() { this.userService.getProfile() .subscribe( (data: User) => this.userProfile = { ...data }, // success path error => this.error = error // error path ); }
import { Observable, throwError } from 'rxjs'; import { catchError, retry } from 'rxjs/operators';
Creates an observable sequence of 5 integers, starting from 1 const source = range(1, 5); // Create observer object const myObserver = { next: x => console.log('Observer got a next value: ' + x), error: err => console.error('Observer got an error: ' + err), complete: () => console.log('Observer got a complete notification'), }; // Execute with the observer object and Prints out each item myObservable.subscribe(myObserver); // => Observer got a next value: 1 // => Observer got a next value: 2 // => Observer got a next value: 3 // => Observer got a next value: 4 // => Observer got a next value: 5 // => Observer got a complete notification
import { Observable } from 'rxjs'; const observable = new Observable(observer => { setTimeout(() => { observer.next('Hello from a Observable!'); }, 2000); });
interface Observer<T> { closed?: boolean; next: (value: T) => void; error: (err: any) => void; complete: () => void; }
myObservable.subscribe(myObserver);
Observable | Promise |
---|---|
Declarative: Computation does not start until subscription so that they can be run whenever you need the result | Execute immediately on creation |
Provide multiple values over time | Provide only one |
Subscribe method is used for error handling which makes centralized and predictable error handling | Push errors to the child promises |
Provides chaining and subscription to handle complex applications | Uses only .then() clause |
var source = Rx.Observable.from([1, 2, 3]); var subject = new Rx.Subject(); var multicasted = source.multicast(subject); // These are, under the hood, `subject.subscribe({...})`: multicasted.subscribe({ next: (v) => console.log('observerA: ' + v) }); multicasted.subscribe({ next: (v) => console.log('observerB: ' + v) }); // This is, under the hood, `s
myObservable.subscribe({ next(num) { console.log('Next num: ' + num)}, error(err) { console.log('Received an errror: ' + err)} });
myObservable.subscribe( x => console.log('Observer got a next value: ' + x), err => console.error('Observer got an error: ' + err), () => console.log('Observer got a complete notification') );
- Converting existing code for async operations into observables
- Iterating through the values in a stream
- Mapping values to different types
- Filtering streams
- Composing multiple streams
- Create an observable from a promise
import { from } from 'rxjs'; // from function const data = from(fetch('/api/endpoint')); //Created from Promise data.subscribe({ next(response) { console.log(response); }, error(err) { console.error('Error: ' + err); }, complete() { console.log('Completed'); } });
- Create an observable that creates an AJAX request
import { ajax } from 'rxjs/ajax'; // ajax function const apiData = ajax('/api/data'); // Created from AJAX request // Subscribe to create the request apiData.subscribe(res => console.log(res.status, res.response));
- Create an observable from a counter
import { interval } from 'rxjs'; // interval function const secondsCounter = interval(1000); // Created from Counter value secondsCounter.subscribe(n => console.log(`Counter value: ${n}`));
- Create an observable from an event
import { fromEvent } from 'rxjs'; const el = document.getElementById('custom-element'); const mouseMoves = fromEvent(el, 'mousemove'); const subscription = mouseMoves.subscribe((e: MouseEvent) => { console.log(`Coordnitaes of mouse pointer: ${e.clientX} * ${e.clientY}`); });
non-Angular environments
.
- Since Angular elements are packaged as custom elements the browser support of angular elements is same as custom elements support. This feature is is currently supported natively in a number of browsers and pending for other browsers.
Browser Angular Element Support Chrome Natively supported Opera Natively supported Safari Natively supported Firefox Natively supported from 63 version onwards. You need to enable dom.webcomponents.enabled and dom.webcomponents.customelements.enabled in older browsers Edge Currently it is in progress
CustomElementRegistry
of defined custom elements, which maps an instantiable JavaScript class to an HTML tag. Currently this feature is supported by Chrome, Firefox, Opera, and Safari, and available in other browsers through polyfills.
- App registers custom element with browser: Use the createCustomElement() function to convert a component into a class that can be registered with the browser as a custom element.
- App adds custom element to DOM: Add custom element just like a built-in HTML element directly into the DOM.
- Browser instantiate component based class: Browser creates an instance of the registered class and adds it to the DOM.
- Instance provides content with data binding and change detection: The content with in template is rendered using the component and DOM data. The flow chart of the custom elements functionality would be as follows,
- Build custom element class: Angular provides the
createCustomElement()
function for converting an Angular component (along with its dependencies) to a custom element. The conversion process implementsNgElementConstructor
interface, and creates a constructor class which is used to produce a self-bootstrapping instance of Angular component. - Register element class with browser: It uses
customElements.define()
JS function, to register the configured constructor and its associated custom-element tag with the browser'sCustomElementRegistry
. When the browser encounters the tag for the registered element, it uses the constructor to create a custom-element instance. The detailed structure would be as follows,
- Build custom element class: Angular provides the
- The createCustomElement() API parses the component input properties with corresponding attributes for the custom element. For example, component @Input('myInputProp') converted as custom element attribute
my-input-prop
. - The Component outputs are dispatched as HTML Custom Events, with the name of the custom event matching the output name. For example, component @Output() valueChanged = new EventEmitter() converted as custom element with dispatch event as "valueChanged".
- The createCustomElement() API parses the component input properties with corresponding attributes for the custom element. For example, component @Input('myInputProp') converted as custom element attribute
NgElement
andWithProperties
types exported from @angular/elements. Let's see how it can be applied by comparing with Angular component, The simple container with input property would be as below,@Component(...) class MyContainer { @Input() message: string; }
const container = document.createElement('my-container') as NgElement & WithProperties<{message: string}>; container.message = 'Welcome to Angular elements!'; container.message = true; // <-- ERROR: TypeScript knows this should be a string. container.greet = 'News'; // <-- ERROR: TypeScript knows there is no `greet` property on `container`.
- Components — These are directives with a template.
- Structural directives — These directives change the DOM layout by adding and removing DOM elements.
- Attribute directives — These directives change the appearance or behavior of an element, component, or another directive.
ng generate directive
to create the directive class file. It creates the source file(src/app/components/directivename.directive.ts), the respective test file(.spec.ts) and declare the directive class file in root module.
- Create HighlightDirective class with the file name
src/app/highlight.directive.ts
. In this file, we need to import Directive from core library to apply the metadata and ElementRef in the directive's constructor to inject a reference to the host DOM element ,
import { Directive, ElementRef } from '@angular/core'; @Directive({ selector: '[appHighlight]' }) export class HighlightDirective { constructor(el: ElementRef) { el.nativeElement.style.backgroundColor = 'red'; } }
- Apply the attribute directive as an attribute to the host element(for example,)
<p appHighlight>Highlight me!</p>
- Run the application to see the highlight behavior on paragraph element
ng serve
- Create HighlightDirective class with the file name
<base href="/">
@angular/router
to import required router components. For example, we import them in app module as below,import { RouterModule, Routes } from '@angular/router';
<router-outlet></router-outlet> <!-- Routed components go here -->
<h1>Angular Router</h1> <nav> <a routerLink="/todosList" >List of todos</a> <a routerLink="/completed" >Completed todos</a> </nav> <router-outlet></router-outlet>
<h1>Angular Router</h1> <nav> <a routerLink="/todosList" routerLinkActive="active">List of todos</a> <a routerLink="/completed" routerLinkActive="active">Completed todos</a> </nav> <router-outlet></router-outlet>
Router service
and therouterState
property.@Component({templateUrl:'template.html'}) class MyComponent { constructor(router: Router) { const state: RouterState = router.routerState; const root: ActivatedRoute = state.root; const child = root.firstChild; const id: Observable<string> = child.params.map(p => p.id); //... } }
- NavigationStart,
- RouteConfigLoadStart,
- RouteConfigLoadEnd,
- RoutesRecognized,
- GuardsCheckStart,
- ChildActivationStart,
- ActivationStart,
- GuardsCheckEnd,
- ResolveStart,
- ResolveEnd,
- ActivationEnd
- ChildActivationEnd
- NavigationEnd,
- NavigationCancel,
- NavigationError
- Scroll
@Component({...}) class MyComponent { constructor(route: ActivatedRoute) { const id: Observable<string> = route.params.pipe(map(p => p.id)); const url: Observable<string> = route.url.pipe(map(segments => segments.join(''))); // route.data includes both `data` and `resolve` const user = route.data.pipe(map(d => d.user)); } }
RouterModule.forRoot()
method, and adds the result to the AppModule'simports
array.const appRoutes: Routes = [ { path: 'todo/:id', component: TodoDetailComponent }, { path: 'todos', component: TodosListComponent, data: { title: 'Todos List' } }, { path: '', redirectTo: '/todos', pathMatch: 'full' }, { path: '**', component: PageNotFoundComponent } ]; @NgModule({ imports: [ RouterModule.forRoot( appRoutes, { enableTracing: true } // <-- debugging purposes only ) // other imports here ], ... }) export class AppModule { }
{ path: '**', component: PageNotFoundComponent }
- Just-in-Time (JIT)
- Ahead-of-Time (AOT)
ng build ng serve
--aot
option with the ng build or ng serve command as below,ng build --aot ng serve --aot
ng build --prod
) compiles with AOT by default.
- Faster rendering: The browser downloads a pre-compiled version of the application. So it can render the application immediately without compiling the app.
- Fewer asynchronous requests: It inlines external HTML templates and CSS style sheets within the application javascript which eliminates separate ajax requests.
- Smaller Angular framework download size: Doesn't require downloading the Angular compiler. Hence it dramatically reduces the application payload.
- Detect template errors earlier: Detects and reports template binding errors during the build step itself
- Better security: It compiles HTML templates and components into JavaScript. So there won't be any injection attacks.
- By providing template compiler options in the
tsconfig.json
file - By configuring Angular metadata with decorators
- By providing template compiler options in the
- Write expression syntax with in the supported range of javascript features
- The compiler can only reference symbols which are exported
- Only call the functions supported by the compiler
- Decorated and data-bound class members must be public.
- Code Analysis: The compiler records a representation of the source
- Code generation: It handles the interpretation as well as places restrictions on what it interprets.
- Validation: In this phase, the Angular template compiler uses the TypeScript compiler to validate the binding expressions in templates.
@Component({ providers: [{ provide: MyService, useFactory: () => getService() }] })
function getService(){ return new MyService(); } @Component({ providers: [{ provide: MyService, useFactory: getService }] })
let selector = 'app-root'; @Component({ selector: selector })
@Component({ selector: 'app-root' })
single return expression
. For example, let us take a below macro function,export function wrapInArray<T>(value: T): T[] { return [value]; }
@NgModule({ declarations: wrapInArray(TypicalComponent) }) export class TypicalModule {}
@NgModule({ declarations: [TypicalComponent] }) export class TypicalModule {}
- Expression form not supported: Some of the language features outside of the compiler's restricted expression syntax used in angular metadata can produce this error. Let's see some of these examples,
1. export class User { ... } const prop = typeof User; // typeof is not valid in metadata 2. { provide: 'token', useValue: { [prop]: 'value' } }; // bracket notation is not valid in metadata
- ** Reference to a local (non-exported) symbol:** The compiler encountered a referenced to a locally defined symbol that either wasn't exported or wasn't initialized. Let's take example of this error,
// ERROR let username: string; // neither exported nor initialized @Component({ selector: 'my-component', template: ... , providers: [ { provide: User, useValue: username } ] }) export class MyComponent {}
export let username: string; // exported (or) let username = 'John'; // initialized
- Function calls are not supported: The compiler does not currently support function expressions or lambda functions. For example, you cannot set a provider's useFactory to an anonymous function or arrow function as below.
providers: [ { provide: MyStrategy, useFactory: function() { ... } }, { provide: OtherStrategy, useFactory: () => { ... } } ]
export function myStrategy() { ... } export function otherStrategy() { ... } ... // metadata providers: [ { provide: MyStrategy, useFactory: myStrategy }, { provide: OtherStrategy, useFactory: otherStrategy },
- Destructured variable or constant not supported: The compiler does not support references to variables assigned by destructuring. For example, you cannot write something like this:
import { user } from './user'; // destructured assignment to name and age const {name, age} = user; ... //metadata providers: [ {provide: Name, useValue: name}, {provide: Age, useValue: age}, ]
import { user } from './user'; ... //metadata providers: [ {provide: Name, useValue: user.name}, {provide: Age, useValue: user.age}, ]
- Expression form not supported: Some of the language features outside of the compiler's restricted expression syntax used in angular metadata can produce this error. Let's see some of these examples,
{ "extends": "../tsconfig.base.json", "compilerOptions": { "experimentalDecorators": true, ... }, "angularCompilerOptions": { "fullTemplateTypeCheck": true, "preserveWhitespaces": true, ... } }
{ "compilerOptions": { "experimentalDecorators": true, ... }, "angularCompilerOptions": { "fullTemplateTypeCheck": true, "preserveWhitespaces": true, ... } }
@Component({ selector: 'my-component', template: '{{user.contacts.email}}' }) class MyComponent { user?: User; }
my.component.ts.MyComponent.html(1,1): : Property 'contacts' does not exist on type 'User'. Did you mean 'contact'?
template: '{{$any(user).contacts.email}}'
template: '{{$any(this).contacts.email}}'
@Component({ selector: 'my-component', template: '<span *ngIf="user"> {{user.name}} contacted through {{contact!.email}} </span>' }) class MyComponent { user?: User; contact?: Contact; setData(user: User, contact: Contact) { this.user = user; this.contact = contact; } }
@Component({ selector: 'my-component', template: '<span *ngIf="user"> {{user.contact.email}} </span>' }) class MyComponent { user?: User; }
- Angular packages: Angular core and optional modules; their package names begin @angular/.
- Support packages: Third-party libraries that must be present for Angular apps to run.
- Polyfill packages: Polyfills plug gaps in a browser's JavaScript implementation.
ng new codelyzer ng lint
- You need to follow below steps to implement animation in your angular project,
- Enabling the animations module: Import BrowserAnimationsModule to add animation capabilities into your Angular root application module(for example, src/app/app.module.ts).
import { NgModule } from '@angular/core'; import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser'; import { BrowserAnimationsModule } from '@angular/platform-browser/animations'; @NgModule({ imports: [ BrowserModule, BrowserAnimationsModule ], declarations: [ ], bootstrap: [ ] }) export class AppModule { }
- Importing animation functions into component files: Import required animation functions from @angular/animations in component files(for example, src/app/app.component.ts).
import { trigger, state, style, animate, transition, // ... } from '@angular/animations';
- Adding the animation metadata property: add a metadata property called animations: within the @Component() decorator in component files(for example, src/app/app.component.ts)
@Component({ selector: 'app-root', templateUrl: 'app.component.html', styleUrls: ['app.component.css'], animations: [ // animation triggers go here ] })
state('open', style({ height: '300px', opacity: 0.5, backgroundColor: 'blue' })),
state('close', style({ height: '100px', opacity: 0.8, backgroundColor: 'green' })),
- Angular Animations are a powerful way to implement sophisticated and compelling animations for your Angular single page web application.
import { Component, OnInit, Input } from '@angular/core'; import { trigger, state, style, animate, transition } from '@angular/animations'; @Component({ selector: 'app-animate', templateUrl: `<div [@changeState]="currentState" class="myblock mx-auto"></div>`, styleUrls: `.myblock { background-color: green; width: 300px; height: 250px; border-radius: 5px; margin: 5rem; }`, animations: [ trigger('changeState', [ state('state1', style({ backgroundColor: 'green', transform: 'scale(1)' })), state('state2', style({ backgroundColor: 'red', transform: 'scale(1.5)' })), transition('*=>state1', animate('300ms')), transition('*=>state2', animate('2000ms')) ]) ] }) export class AnimateComponent implements OnInit { @Input() currentState; constructor() { } ngOnInit() { } }
- The animation transition function is used to specify the changes that occur between one state and another over a period of time. It accepts two arguments: the first argument accepts an expression that defines the direction between two transition states, and the second argument accepts an animate() function. Let's take an example state transition from open to closed with an half second transition between states.
transition('open => closed', [ animate('500ms') ]),
- Using DomSanitizer we can inject the dynamic Html,Style,Script,Url.
import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core'; import { DomSanitizer } from '@angular/platform-browser'; @Component({ selector: 'my-app', template: ` <div [innerHtml]="htmlSnippet"></div> `, }) export class App { constructor(protected sanitizer: DomSanitizer) {} htmlSnippet: string = this.sanitizer.bypassSecurityTrustScript("<script>safeCode()</script>"); }
- It caches an application just like installing a native application
- A running application continues to run with the same version of all files without any incompatible files
- When you refresh the application, it loads the latest fully cached version
- When changes are published then it immediately updates in the background
- Service workers saves the bandwidth by downloading the resources only when they changed.
- Angular Ivy is a new rendering engine for Angular. You can choose to opt in a preview version of Ivy from Angular version 8.
- You can enable ivy in a new project by using the --enable-ivy flag with the ng new command
ng new ivy-demo-app --enable-ivy
- You can add it to an existing project by adding
enableIvy
option in theangularCompilerOptions
in your project'stsconfig.app.json
.
{ "compilerOptions": { ... }, "angularCompilerOptions": { "enableIvy": true } }
- Generated code that is easier to read and debug at runtime
- Faster re-build time
- Improved payload size
- Improved template type checking
- Yes, it is a recommended configuration. Also, AOT compilation with Ivy is faster. So you need set the default build options(with in angular.json) for your project to always use AOT compilation.
{ "projects": { "my-project": { "architect": { "build": { "options": { ... "aot": true, } } } } } }
- The Angular Language Service is a way to get completions, errors, hints, and navigation inside your Angular templates whether they are external in an HTML file or embedded in annotations/decorators in a string. It has the ability to autodetect that you are opening an Angular file, reads your
tsconfig.json
file, finds all the templates you have in your application, and then provides all the language services. - You can install Angular Language Service in your project with the following npm command
npm install --save-dev @angular/language-service
After that add the following to the "compilerOptions" section of your project's tsconfig.json"plugins": [ {"name": "@angular/language-service"} ]
Note: The completion and diagnostic services works for .ts files only. You need to use custom plugins for supporting HTML files. - Yes, Angular Language Service is currently available for Visual Studio Code and WebStorm IDEs. You need to install angular language service using an extension and devDependency respectively. In sublime editor, you need to install typescript which has has a language service plugin model.
- Basically there are 3 main features provided by Angular Language Service,
- Autocompletion: Autocompletion can speed up your development time by providing you with contextual possibilities and hints as you type with in an interpolation and elements.
- Error checking: It can also warn you of mistakes in your code.
- Navigation: Navigation allows you to hover a component, directive, module and then click and press F12 to go directly to its definition.
- You can add web worker anywhere in your application. For example, If the file that contains your expensive computation is
src/app/app.component.ts
, you can add a Web Worker usingng generate web-worker app
command which will createsrc/app/app.worker.ts
web worker file. This command will perform below actions,- Configure your project to use Web Workers
- Adds app.worker.ts to receive messages
addEventListener('message', ({ data }) => { const response = `worker response to ${data}`; postMessage(response); });
- The component
app.component.ts
file updated with web worker file
if (typeof Worker !== 'undefined') { // Create a new const worker = new Worker('./app.worker', { type: 'module' }); worker.onmessage = ({ data }) => { console.log('page got message: $\{data\}'); }; worker.postMessage('hello'); } else { // Web Workers are not supported in this environment. }
Note: You may need to refactor your initial scaffolding web worker code for sending messages to and from. - You need to remember two important things when using Web Workers in Angular projects,
- Some environments or platforms(like @angular/platform-server) used in Server-side Rendering, don't support Web Workers. In this case you need to provide a fallback mechanism to perform the computations to work in this environments.
- Running Angular in web worker using
@angular/platform-webworker
is not yet supported in Angular CLI.
- In Angular8, the CLI Builder API is stable and available to developers who want to customize the
Angular CLI
by adding or modifying commands. For example, you could supply a builder to perform an entirely new task, or to change which third-party tool is used by an existing command. - A builder function ia a function that uses the
Architect API
to perform a complex process such as "build" or "test". The builder code is defined in an npm package. For example, BrowserBuilder runs a webpack build for a browser target and KarmaBuilder starts the Karma server and runs a webpack build for unit tests. - The Angular CLI command
ng run
is used to invoke a builder with a specific target configuration. The workspace configuration file,angular.json
, contains default configurations for built-in builders. - An App shell is a way to render a portion of your application via a route at build time. This is useful to first paint of your application that appears quickly because the browser can render static HTML and CSS without the need to initialize JavaScript. You can achieve this using Angular CLI which generates an app shell for running server-side of your app.
ng generate appShell [options] (or) ng g appShell [options]
- Angular uses capitalization conventions to distinguish the names of various types. Angular follows the list of the below case types.
- camelCase : Symbols, properties, methods, pipe names, non-component directive selectors, constants uses lowercase on the first letter of the item. For example, "selectedUser"
- UpperCamelCase (or PascalCase): Class names, including classes that define components, interfaces, NgModules, directives, and pipes uses uppercase on the first letter of the item.
- dash-case (or "kebab-case"): The descriptive part of file names, component selectors uses dashes between the words. For example, "app-user-list".
- UPPER_UNDERSCORE_CASE: All constants uses capital letters connected with underscores. For example, "NUMBER_OF_USERS".
- A class decorator is a decorator that appears immediately before a class definition, which declares the class to be of the given type, and provides metadata suitable to the type The following list of decorators comes under class decorators,
- @Component()
- @Directive()
- @Pipe()
- @Injectable()
- @NgModule()
- The class field decorators are the statements declared immediately before a field in a class definition that defines the type of that field. Some of the examples are: @input and @output,
@Input() myProperty; @Output() myEvent = new EventEmitter();
- Declarable is a class type that you can add to the declarations list of an NgModule. The class types such as components, directives, and pipes comes can be declared in the module.
- Below classes shouldn't be declared,
- A class that's already declared in another NgModule
- Ngmodule classes
- Service classes
- Helper classes
- A DI token is a lookup token associated with a dependency provider in dependency injection system. The injector maintains an internal token-provider map that it references when asked for a dependency and the DI token is the key to the map. Let's take example of DI Token usage,
const BASE_URL = new InjectionToken<string>('BaseUrl'); const injector = Injector.create({providers: [{provide: BASE_URL, useValue: 'http://some-domain.com'}]}); const url = injector.get(BASE_URL);
- A domain-specific language (DSL) is a computer language specialized to a particular application domain. Angular has its own Domain Specific Language (DSL) which allows us to write Angular specific html-like syntax on top of normal html. It has its own compiler that compiles this syntax to html that the browser can understand. This DSL is defined in NgModules such as animations, forms, and routing and navigation. Basically you will see 3 main syntax in Angular DSL.
()
: Used for Output and DOM events.[]
: Used for Input and specific DOM element attributes.*
: Structural directives(*ngFor or *ngIf) will affect/change the DOM structure.
- An RxJS Subject is a special type of Observable that allows values to be multicasted to many Observers. While plain Observables are unicast (each subscribed Observer owns an independent execution of the Observable), Subjects are multicast.A Subject is like an Observable, but can multicast to many Observers. Subjects are like EventEmitters: they maintain a registry of many listeners.
import { Subject } from 'rxjs'; const subject = new Subject<number>(); subject.subscribe({ next: (v) => console.log(`observerA: ${v}`) }); subject.subscribe({ next: (v) => console.log(`observerB: ${v}`) }); subject.next(1); subject.next(2);
- Bazel is a powerful build tool developed and massively used by Google and it can keep track of the dependencies between different packages and build targets. In Angular8, you can build your CLI application with Bazel. Note: The Angular framework itself is built with Bazel.
- Below are the list of key advantages of Bazel tool,
- It creates the possibility of building your back-ends and front-ends with the same tool
- The incremental build and tests
- It creates the possibility to have remote builds and cache on a build farm.
- The @angular/bazel package provides a builder that allows Angular CLI to use Bazel as the build tool.
- Use in an existing applciation: Add @angular/bazel using CLI
ng add @angular/bazel
- Use in a new application: Install the package and create the application with collection option
npm install -g @angular/bazel ng new --collection=@angular/bazel
When you use ng build and ng serve commands, Bazel is used behind the scenes and outputs the results in dist/bin folder. - Sometimes you may want to bypass the Angular CLI builder and run Bazel directly using Bazel CLI. You can install it globally using @bazel/bazel npm package. i.e, Bazel CLI is available under @bazel/bazel package. After you can apply the below common commands,
bazel build [targets] // Compile the default output artifacts of the given targets. bazel test [targets] // Run the tests with *_test targets found in the pattern. bazel run [target]: Compile the program represented by target and then run it.
- A platform is the context in which an Angular application runs. The most common platform for Angular applications is a web browser, but it can also be an operating system for a mobile device, or a web server. The runtime-platform is provided by the @angular/platform-* packages and these packages allow applications that make use of
@angular/core
and@angular/common
to execute in different environments. i.e, Angular can be used as platform-independent framework in different environments, For example,- While running in the browser, it uses
platform-browser
package. - When SSR(server-side rendering ) is used, it uses
platform-server
package for providing web server implementation.
- While running in the browser, it uses
- If multiple modules imports the same module then angular evaluates it only once (When it encounters the module first time). It follows this condition even the module appears at any level in a hierarchy of imported NgModules.
- You can use
@ViewChild
directive to access elements in the view directly. Let's take input element with a reference,<input #uname>
and define view child directive and access it in ngAfterViewInit lifecycle hook@ViewChild('uname') input; ngAfterViewInit() { console.log(this.input.nativeElement.value); }
- In Angular7, you can subscribe to router to detect the changes. The subscription for router events would be as below,
this.router.events.subscribe((event: Event) => {})
Let's take a simple component to detect router changesimport { Component } from '@angular/core'; import { Router, Event, NavigationStart, NavigationEnd, NavigationError } from '@angular/router'; @Component({ selector: 'app-root', template: `<router-outlet></router-outlet>` }) export class AppComponent { constructor(private router: Router) { this.router.events.subscribe((event: Event) => { if (event instanceof NavigationStart) { // Show loading indicator and perform an action } if (event instanceof NavigationEnd) { // Hide loading indicator and perform an action } if (event instanceof NavigationError) { // Hide loading indicator and perform an action console.log(event.error); // It logs an error for debugging } }); } }
- You can directly pass object map for http client or create HttpHeaders class to supply the headers.
constructor(private _http: HttpClient) {} this._http.get('someUrl',{ headers: {'header1':'value1','header2':'value2'} }); (or) let headers = new HttpHeaders().set('header1', headerValue1); // create header object headers = headers.append('header2', headerValue2); // add a new header, creating a new object headers = headers.append('header3', headerValue3); // add another header let params = new HttpParams().set('param1', value1); // create params object params = params.append('param2', value2); // add a new param, creating a new object params = params.append('param3', value3); // add another param return this._http.get<any[]>('someUrl', { headers: headers, params: params })
- From Angular8 release onwards, the applications are built using differential loading strategy from CLI to build two separate bundles as part of your deployed application.
- The first build contains ES2015 syntax which takes the advantage of built-in support in modern browsers, ships less polyfills, and results in a smaller bundle size.
- The second build contains old ES5 syntax to support older browsers with all necessary polyfills. But this results in a larger bundle size.
Note: This strategy is used to support multiple browsers but it only load the code that the browser needs. - Yes, Angular 8 supports dynamic imports in router configuration. i.e, You can use the import statement for lazy loading the module using
loadChildren
method and it will be understood by the IDEs(VSCode and WebStorm), webpack, etc. Previously, you have been written as below to lazily load the feature module. By mistake, if you have typo in the module name it still accepts the string and throws an error during build time.{path: ‘user’, loadChildren: ‘./users/user.module#UserModulee’},
This problem is resolved by using dynamic imports and IDEs are able to find it during compile time itself.{path: ‘user’, loadChildren: () => import(‘./users/user.module’).then(m => m.UserModule)};
- Lazy loading is one of the most useful concepts of Angular Routing. It helps us to download the web pages in chunks instead of downloading everything in a big bundle. It is used for lazy loading by asynchronously loading the feature module for routing whenever required using the property
loadChildren
. Let's load bothCustomer
andOrder
feature modules lazily as below,const routes: Routes = [ { path: 'customers', loadChildren: () => import('./customers/customers.module').then(module => module.CustomersModule) }, { path: 'orders', loadChildren: () => import('./orders/orders.module').then(module => module.OrdersModule) }, { path: '', redirectTo: '', pathMatch: 'full' } ];
- Angular 8.0 release introduces Workspace APIs to make it easier for developers to read and modify the angular.json file instead of manually modifying it. Currently, the only supported storage3 format is the JSON-based format used by the Angular CLI. You can enable or add optimization option for build target as below,
import { NodeJsSyncHost } from '@angular-devkit/core/node'; import { workspaces } from '@angular-devkit/core'; async function addBuildTargetOption() { const host = workspaces.createWorkspaceHost(new NodeJsSyncHost()); const workspace = await workspaces.readWorkspace('path/to/workspace/directory/', host); const project = workspace.projects.get('my-app'); if (!project) { throw new Error('my-app does not exist'); } const buildTarget = project.targets.get('build'); if (!buildTarget) { throw new Error('build target does not exist'); } buildTarget.options.optimization = true; await workspaces.writeWorkspace(workspace, host); } addBuildTargetOption();
- The Angular upgrade is quite easier using Angular CLI
ng update
command as mentioned below. For example, if you upgrade from Angular 7 to 8 then your lazy loaded route imports will be migrated to the new import syntax automatically.$ ng update @angular/cli @angular/core
- Angular Material is a collection of Material Design components for Angular framework following the Material Design spec. You can apply Material Design very easily using Angular Material. The installation can be done through npm or yarn,
npm install --save @angular/material @angular/cdk @angular/animations (OR) yarn add @angular/material @angular/cdk @angular/animations
It supports the most recent two versions of all major browsers. The latest version of Angular material is 8.1.1 - If you are using
$location
service in your old AngularJS application, now you can useLocationUpgradeModule
(unified location service) which puts the responsibilities of$location
service toLocation
service in Angular. Let's add this module toAppModule
as below,// Other imports ... import { LocationUpgradeModule } from '@angular/common/upgrade'; @NgModule({ imports: [ // Other NgModule imports... LocationUpgradeModule.config() ] }) export class AppModule {}
- NgUpgrade is a library put together by the Angular team, which you can use in your applications to mix and match AngularJS and Angular components and bridge the AngularJS and Angular dependency injection systems.
- Angular CLI downloads and install everything needed with the Jasmine Test framework. You just need to run
ng test
to see the test results. By default this command builds the app in watch mode, and launches theKarma test runner
. The output of test results would be as below,10% building modules 1/1 modules 0 active ...INFO [karma]: Karma v1.7.1 server started at http://0.0.0.0:9876/ ...INFO [launcher]: Launching browser Chrome ... ...INFO [launcher]: Starting browser Chrome ...INFO [Chrome ...]: Connected on socket ... Chrome ...: Executed 3 of 3 SUCCESS (0.135 secs / 0.205 secs)
Note: A chrome browser also opens and displays the test output in the "Jasmine HTML Reporter". - The Angular CLI provides support for polyfills officially. When you create a new project with the ng new command, a
src/polyfills.ts
configuration file is created as part of your project folder. This file includes the mandatory and many of the optional polyfills as JavaScript import statements. Let's categorize the polyfills,- Mandatory polyfills: These are installed automatically when you create your project with ng new command and the respective import statements enabled in 'src/polyfills.ts' file.
- Optional polyfills: You need to install its npm package and then create import statement in 'src/polyfills.ts' file. For example, first you need to install below npm package for adding web animations (optional) polyfill.
npm install --save web-animations-js
import 'web-animations-js';
- You can inject either ApplicationRef or NgZone, or ChangeDetectorRef into your component and apply below specific methods to trigger change detection in Angular. i.e, There are 3 possible ways,
- ApplicationRef.tick(): Invoke this method to explicitly process change detection and its side-effects. It check the full component tree.
- NgZone.run(callback): It evaluate the callback function inside the Angular zone.
- ChangeDetectorRef.detectChanges(): It detects only the components and it's children.
- Angular 1 • Angular 1 (AngularJS) is the first angular framework released in the year 2010. • AngularJS is not built for mobile devices. • It is based on controllers with MVC architecture.
- Angular 2 • Angular 2 was released in the year 2016. Angular 2 is a complete rewrite of Angular1 version. • The performance issues that Angular 1 version had has been addressed in Angular 2 version. • Angular 2 is built from scratch for mobile devices unlike Angular 1 version. • Angular 2 is components based.
- Angular 3 The following are the different package versions in Angular 2. • @angular/core v2.3.0 • @angular/compiler v2.3.0 • @angular/http v2.3.0 • @angular/router v3.3.0 The router package is already versioned 3 so to avoid confusion switched to Angular 4 version and skipped 3 version.
- Angular 4 • The compiler generated code file size in AOT mode is very much reduced. • With Angular 4 the production bundles size is reduced by hundreds of KB’s. • Animation features are removed from angular/core and formed as a separate package. • Supports Typescript 2.1 and 2.2.
- Angular 5 • Angular 5 makes angular faster. It improved the loading time and execution time. • Shipped with new build optimizer. • Supports Typescript 2.5.
- Angular 6 • It is released in May 2018. • Includes Angular Command Line Interface (CLI), Component Development KIT (CDK), Angular Material Package.
- Angular 7 • It is released in October 2018. • TypeScript 3.1 • RxJS 6.3 • New Angular CLI • CLI Prompts capability provide an ability to ask questions to the user before they run. It is like interactive dialog between the user and the CLI • With the improved CLI Prompts capability, it helps developers to make the decision. New ng commands ask users for routing and CSS styles types(SCSS) and ng add @angular/material asks for themes and gestures or animations.
- You should avoid direct use of the DOM APIs.
- You should enable Content Security Policy (CSP) and configure your web server to return appropriate CSP HTTP headers.
- You should Use the offline template compiler.
- You should Use Server Side XSS protection.
- You should Use DOM Sanitizer.
- You should Preventing CSRF or XSRF attacks.
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